Activated macrophages recruit neutrophils to enter the circulation and travel to sites of infection or inflammation. After phagocytosis by macrophages, an invading pathogen is killed inside the cell. Macrophages are phagocytic cells that can discriminate between the body's cells (self) and foreign molecules. Direct activation of primed T lymphocytes and NK cells (through major histocompatibility complex I ).Chemokines, which attract other immune cells to the epidermis.Signalling cytokines (eg, interleukin–1β ).Antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidins and β-defensins).Keratinocytes communicate with the rest of the immune system through: They express Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect conserved molecules on pathogens and trigger an inflammatory response. They act as the first line of innate immune defence against infection. Keratinocytes are the predominant cells in the epidermis. The innate immune response is immediate and is not dependent on previous immunological memory. What is the skin’s innate immune response? The skin microbiome also contributes to the homeostasis of the skin immune system. There is continuous trafficking of immune cells between the skin, draining lymph nodes, and blood circulation. Lymphocytes: T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells.The dermis has blood and lymph vessels and numerous immune cells, including: Epidermal dendritic cells ( Langerhans cells).The key immune cells in the epidermis are: Immune cells inhabit the epidermis and dermis. The immune system of the skin has elements of both the innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) immune systems. How does the skin immune system function? Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers.
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